XML Attributes

XML elements can have attributes, just like HTML.

Attributes provide additional information about an element.

XML Attributes

In HTML, attributes provide additional information about elements:

Attributes often provide information that is not a part of the data. In the example below, the file type is irrelevant to the data, but can be important to the software that wants to manipulate the element:

<file type="gif">computer.gif</file>

XML Attributes Must be Quoted

Attribute values must always be quoted. Either single or double quotes can be used. For a person's sex, the person element can be written like this:

or like this:

If the attribute value itself contains double quotes you can use single quotes, like in this example:

or you can use character entities:

XML Elements vs. Attributes

Take a look at these examples:

<person sex="female">
<firstname>Anna</firstname>
<lastname>Smith</lastname>
</person>

<person>
<sex>female</sex>
<firstname>Anna</firstname>
<lastname>Smith</lastname>
</person>

In the first example sex is an attribute. In the last, sex is an element. Both examples provide the same information.
There are no rules about when to use attributes or when to use elements. Attributes are handy in HTML. In XML my advice is to avoid them. Use elements instead.

My Favorite Way

The following three XML documents contain exactly the same information:
A date attribute is used in the first example:

<note date="10/01/2008">
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>

A date element is used in the second example:

<note>
<date>10/01/2008</date>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>

An expanded date element is used in the third: (THIS IS MY FAVORITE):

<note>
<date>
    <day>10</day>
    <month>01</month>
    <year>2008</year>
</date>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>

Avoid XML Attributes?

Some of the problems with using attributes are:

attributes cannot contain multiple values (elements can)
attributes cannot contain tree structures (elements can)
attributes are not easily expandable (for future changes)

Attributes are difficult to read and maintain. Use elements for data. Use attributes for information that is not relevant to the data.
Don't end up like this:

XML Attributes for Metadata

Sometimes ID references are assigned to elements. These IDs can be used to identify XML elements in much the same way as the id attribute in HTML. This example demonstrates this:

<messages>
<note id="501">
    <to>Tove</to>
    <from>Jani</from>
    <heading>Reminder</heading>
    <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
<note id="502">
    <to>Jani</to>
    <from>Tove</from>
    <heading>Re: Reminder</heading>
    <body>I will not</body>
</note>
</messages>

The id attributes above are for identifying the different notes. It is not a part of the note itself.
What I'm trying to say here is that metadata (data about data) should be stored as attributes, and the data itself should be stored as elements.

Invigilators caught helping relatives during exams

HYDERABAD: The Chairman Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) Hyderabad Abdul Aleem Khanzada, on Monday, detected four invigilators helping their sisters and daughters in cheating during Higher Secondary School Certificate Part-I and Part-II Annual Examinations 2012. According to a spokesman, the Chairman BISE Hyderabad caught these invigilators red handed during his surprise visit to examination centres of Tando Allahyar and Chambar along with his team members. While taking spot action, the Chairman BISE Hyderabad has relieved these four invigilators from the duty of conducting examinations. Besides, he also caught red handed 21 male and female candidates who were engaged in copying in the examinations. The other vigilance committees of the board which conducted surprise visits to Hyderabad, Shaheed Benazirabad, Matiari, Tando Allahyar, Tando Muhammad Khan, Badin, Thatta, Jamshoro and Dadu districts detected 144 male and female candidates engaged in copying during the

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XML Attributes

XML Attributes

XML Attributes Must be Quoted

XML Elements vs. Attributes

My Favorite Way

Avoid XML Attributes?

XML Attributes for Metadata

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